Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Lung Cancer The Leading Cause Of Cancer Essay - 1555 Words

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortalities in the world. An astounding average of 1.6 million deaths occur due to lung cancer yearly (1). Lung cancer is classified into two types: small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), where 85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. NSCLC has several different histologic subtypes, some of which are: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Of the three, adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of NSCLCs, making it the most common subtype (2). Adenocarcinoma is predominantly present in male smokers, however its occurrence in women, non-smokers, and young patients (below age 40) has been increasing (3). Consequently, genetic alterations / mutations that may be targeted to treat adenocarcinoma are being highly studied, which include: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Anaplastic Lymphoma Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (ALK), Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF1), Napsin A, and more (4). The EGFR mutations are most significantly associated with adenocarcinomas, specifically deletions in Exon 19, and / or point mutations in Exon 21 (5). Similarly, almost 5% of NSCLCs are associated with rearrangements in the ALK gene, resulting in abnormal protein expression that cause highly proliferating cells (6). In the same sense, TTF1 and Napsin A are also genetic alterations frequently associated with adenocarcinomas. Occasionally, the traditional hematoxylin-eosin (HE)-stained slide examinationShow MoreRelatedThe Leading Causes Of Lung Cancer1350 Words   |  6 PagesCenter September 2, 2014 The Leading Causes of Lung Cancer State Standard: 6.4.A Cancer is a disease that plagues millions of people annually (â€Å"Lung†). Lung cancer develops when healthy cells in the lungs are compromised by chemicals, pathogens, or radiation (Henderson). In the early twentieth century, before cigarette smoking and toxic man-made air pollutants became more commonplace, lung cancer was relatively rare (Henderson). It is now the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, resulting inRead MoreLung Cancer : The Leading Cause Of Death1286 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is one of the leading causes of death not only in the United States of America but globally.1 According to the World Health Organization 8.2 million deaths in 2012 were cancer related and of those deaths, 1.59 million were due specifically to lung cancer.2 In 2014, there was a staggering 224,210 new reported cases of lung cancer in the United States alone. The 5-year relative survival has a 49% to 2% variability depending on the type of lung cancer, stage, and location. T he two majorRead MoreLung Cancer : The Leading Cause Of Death Caused By Cancer1050 Words   |  5 PagesLung cancer has impacted many people’s lives in the world today. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death caused by cancer in the United States (Lewis, 2014, pg. 535). The diagnosis of lung cancer is proceeded by a low cure rate and a high mortality rate. Diagnosis of lung cancer increases the person’s level of physical distress, psychological distress and social isolation (Johnston, 2013). Due to the low cure rate, palliative care becomes essential after the diagnosis of incurable/inoperable lungRead MoreLung Cancer: A Leading Cause of Death Today Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesLung cancer is on of the leading causes of death today. Lung cancer is a type of neoplasm cancer and is given its name but the site of where the cancer is located. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine states, â€Å" Most lung cancers develop in the cells that line the bronchi.† Lung cancer can take many years to develop and some have no idea that they even have it until it grows large enough to impede the function of the lungs. There are two different types of tumors the benign, which means that it does notRead MoreLung Cancer : Causes And Effects1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135Read MoreMorbidity: Lung Cancer1672 Words   |  7 PagesMorbidity-Lung Cancer The human body is designed so that each part is dependent on the other for one or the other reason. There is a delicate balance to the distribution of functions and the way in which each system defenses itself against any unmentionable disease or ailment. However, there are stages in the lives of all humans when the body finds itself in a position where it is no longer able to defend itself against ailments and diseases and eventually may even lose the battle. One suchRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer985 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The second leading cause of death in the United States as of 1933 is cancer .During this period advancements took place in treatment of infectious diseases such as pneumonia and influenza. Cancer, in turn, took its place and is a chronic illness that has no known cure. There are many different types of cancer that affects different parts of the body but lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in the United States . Cancer of the lungs also known as pulmonary carcinoma is caused by aRead More lung cancer Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related cause of death among men and women. Lung cancer can be undetected for many years causing it to become more dangerous and possibly fatal. There is not cure for lung cancer or any cancer, but if detected in an early stage the lung cancer can be detected, treated, and hopefully terminated. There are many new and developing treatments being tested now that may save lives in the future. Through understanding what the lung cancer is, doctors canRead MoreEssay about Lung Cancer1455 Words   |  6 PagesCancer of the lung was nearly nonexistent in the early 1900’s. By the middle of the 20th century an epidemic became apparent throughout the United States and the rest of the world. It is primarily correlated with the widespread abundance of cigarette smoking in the world. The tobacco industry has multiplied its production immediately prior to World War I. There was a typical 20 to 30 year lagging period between the initiation of cigarette smoking and the actual tumor formation in the lungs. LungRead MoreCancer1029 Words   |  5 PagesLUNG CANCER NAME: INSTRUCTOR: COURSE: DATE: OUTLINE Cancer is a disease that results to an abnormal growth of the cells and form tumors which may spread throughout the body leading to the body malfunction (Radon amp; Raymond, P4). While there are various types of cancer such as lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer among others, this paper will focus on lung cancer and will major in the following: †¢ The main causes of lung cancer †¢ The

Monday, December 23, 2019

Ethics And Its Impact On Society - 849 Words

This has been a fantastic class; ethics is something that we use continuously throughout the day. It challenges us at the very core of who we are and what we believe. We have seen that almost all disciplines in life from philosophers, educators and employers have been struggling to explain what defines us as human beings. Ethics is one of those disciplines that always seems to elude to having it all figured-out only to be challenged with a new set of problems. While most people want to adhere to an absolute truth, the problem is the lines are always shifting. What was considered ethical a hundred years ago, would now be considered barbaric by today’s standards. Having done a junior college level ethics class, the terms and methodologies were a little familiar, but these are still difficult concepts to interpret. The videos that went along with each module were very well done. The videos for the class did help make the clarification of the various ethical theories a little easier to understand. The different links to article for further reading also helped immensely. As for perplexing moments, it just required additional reading and some goggle searches for other examples. The discussion boards are really where the rubber hits the road, due to such a diverse group of people it always made the interaction exciting. While people may not always agree with one another’s philosophies, this truly is what real life is all about. As for the proudest accomplishment for thisShow MoreRelatedEthics And Its Impact On Society Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesEthics, broadly defined, is a set of values or principles established by society for its betterment. Many of these values and principles are incorporated into culture and law. Organizations today integrate ethics into the foundation of their businesses in order to augment the professional value and trustworthiness of their enterprise. Both public and private companies are expected to uphold certain ideals and internal controls for the benefit of their stakeholders. Operating with high virtues dictatesRead MoreEthics And Its Impact On Society1281 Words   |  6 Pages(government) leadership (Hasel, 2013). In modern times, ethics in government have become not only something of great public interest, but also an important area of study in the academic fields of politics and government. Ethics refers to the study of right and wrong behaviors (Makenricko, 2007). Ethics means weighing carefully the actions to be undertaken through the compliance prism of a set of values and standards defined at the level of society, for its own good (Brown, Trevino, Harrison, 2005Read MoreEthics And Its Impact On Society1312 Words   |  6 Pages. A large part of ethics are biological in origin we,re social creative, and as such have had to develop instincts over the ages that allow us to cooperate in groups.This includes basic concepts such as a revulsion or at least hesitance toward homicide basic ideas like property rights, and the concept of justice and revenge, these are universals across all cultures. Some rare individuals may lack these fundamental ethics, but they are always unusual cases among their societies and are usually outcastRead MoreCodes Of Ethics And Its Impact On Society771 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment. The practice of engineering has an inherent impact on society. So the values of an engineer should be taken very seriously as it is the values that defines his work. Engineers should first and foremost be aware of their values, if not; a list of values should be made by them based on their priorities. These values should be compared to their code of ethics to determine whether an individual’s values are right or wrong. Codes of ethics are adopted by different organizations to assist theRead MoreUtilitarian Ethics And Its Impact On Society1242 Words   |  5 PagesIn Utilitarian Ethics, Ted s actions should promote the largest number of happiness to his shareholders (Riley, 1990), which is Ted s family, Ted, his staffs and his customers. If Ted does not pay for the food inspector, his family will be affected negatively as they can no longer afford their way of life. For Ted himself, if the business reopened after the Queensland Health department food examined, his business reputation would be damaged and he would not have as many customers as he previouslyRead MoreEthics And Its Impact On Society, Ecosystem, And Wellbeing Of People And Environments1488 Words   |  6 PagesUsually the individuals from the civil engineering profession are blamed for a mixture of occasions that have adverse consequences for society, ecosystem, and wellbeing of people and environments. Most civil engineering codes of ethics worldwide exhort engineers to consciously place the general public interest specially others. So as to meet difficulties of the times, engineers must outfit themselves with both moral obligations and attention to the legal ramifications for the choices made throughoutRead MorePros And Cons Of Having A Professional Code Of Ethics1683 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of Having a Professional Code of Ethics Introduction A professional code of ethics acts as a guide concerning ethical conduct in a given profession. However, over time, it has been termed as an impediment to intellectual and moral developments. This way or another, there are advantages as well as disadvantages that emanate from applying the professional code of ethics depending on the context of practices. For this reason, this paper discusses both sides: positive and negative effectsRead MoreMoral Standars1012 Words   |  5 PagesThe moral standards approach is the approach that focuses on three dimensions of the impact of the proposed action: (1) whether it provides a net benefit to society; (2) whether it is fair to all stakeholders; and (3) whether it is right. The moral standards approach was developed by Professor Manuel Velasquez in 1992. Although some overlap some of the first approach, the focus is less company centred, and is better suited for the evaluation of the decisions where stakeholders are the ones who areRead More Feldman: Businesses as Social Agents742 Words   |  3 Pagesdownsizing activities geared towards the bottom-line forgets the impact of an active and extensive business enterprise to society - it employs, it enhances the market, in increases buying power. Current practices shrink the market and with lower employment, the buying power of society at large is impacted so that by tightening the purse strings, the likelihood of wealth creation is limited too. Once, Feldman (2012) descries that ethics, codes of conduct and mission and vision of companies were the

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Kozol’s Savage Inequalities Free Essays

Jonathan Kozol was born in 1936 in Massachusetts.   Throughout his life, he has been extremely active in public issues.   He spent several teaching in public schools, fighting against the inequalities there, but also fighting for the civil rights movement and equality for all, despite race or ethnicity. We will write a custom essay sample on Kozol’s Savage Inequalities or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Most of the schools Kozol taught at were inner-city schools, similar to the ones he writes about in his book (www.wikipedia.com). Kozol’s purpose in writing the book was to expose the vast inequalities that are present in today’s schools.   He provided a snapshot of many different ways schools are unequal: funding, teacher quality, school environment, materials, and more.   He profiled several different schools, in particular, inner-city Chicago schools and suburban Chicago schools (New Trier), to show the vast differences in every aspect of these schools, and the effects that these differences had on the students. Kozol also intended to show the multitude of different issues that went into creating the problem, such as lack of funding, lack of materials, lack of quality teacher, political laziness or outright disdain (towards inner-city schools), parent misinformation (or lack of information), lack of parental education and knowledge about the system, and more.   These differences all account for why the schools are so vastly different; money is not the only problem and simple solution. Kozol accomplished his purpose.   As one is reading the book, one is filled with shock, horror, and indignation at the vast inequities that exist in the schools.   One particularly telling section is his illustration of the kindergarten students, who Kozol describes as bright and eager to learn, even in the inner-city.   However, these kids – who have every ability to learn – are given few materials and poor teachers, and they fail to thrive. This failure, he explains, results from the education system failing them, and not from their own lack of anything.   He clearly illustrates the unfairness of the school system, and proposes some interesting solutions.   In the kindergarten class in one of Kozol’s examples, there are no pictures on the wall, there are ancient textbooks, there are few toys to play with, and there is a teacher who is almost too tired to care.   The teacher knows that whatever happens, many of these students will drop out of high school, and many of those will land in jail.   The teacher does not believe that she can make a difference, even though at this age, with the students eager and primarily well-behaved, she could. The purpose was well accomplished because of Kozol’s many examples.   The way he used the case studies was especially interesting.   In the case of New Trier, the parents were unwilling to tax themselves at a high rate, but their income and property values were so high that they will had plenty of money.   Therefore, the school had excellent class offerings, facilities, teachers, and students.   In poorer districts, like Lawndale, parents taxed themselves as much as they could, and they still couldn’t afford to have good school buildings, new materials, and good teachers.   This difference in personality and attitude of the people in the district further illustrates Kozol’s point. In addition, Kozol highlights the sheer environment differences in the schools.   In the suburban districts, teachers come in everyday, on time – or they are subject to discipline or being fired.   He quotes one principal in an inner-city school as saying â€Å"I take everything that comes through the door,† which means that teachers who are absent more often than not, or who show up a couple hours late everyday still have jobs.   These environments portray a complete lack of caring on the part of the teachers. This is at least in part because the teachers truly believe they cannot make a difference.   Many know that most of the students will drop out of school and end up in prison, illiterate, and with no job or a poor job.   Some teachers even see this effect as positive, stating that the kids who really care remain in school until graduation.   However, this is a terrible way to think about students, and only perpetuates the situation. Also, the suburban schools tend to be newer, brightly lit, with plenty of classrooms and bathrooms and decorations.   The urban schools are lucky to have one working bathroom that isn’t clean, dark windows, and a building that is falling apart around them.   In some cases, urban schools have extremely overcrowded classrooms, no working bathrooms, no libraries, no computers, no decorations, and are extremely depressing.   Students begin skipping school at a young age merely to avoid these circumstances. Kozol also discusses the attitudes of the law makers.   Many refuse to spend more money on these failing schools because it would, in their estimation, be like â€Å"pouring money into a black hole.† In other words, useless.   This goes to show that government officials are not doing anything to solve the problem; in fact, they often are the problem, by refusing to believe that anything could change.   Their lackadaisical attitude needs to turn around; rather than rewarding the students who are already succeeding, they should attempt to help the students who struggle, who will only turn around if the law makers choose to do their job and advocate for all students. The section on Corla Hawkins’s class was particular interesting.   In it, Kozol illustrates one of the â€Å"bright spots† in otherwise terrible inner-city schools.   Ms. Hawkins is a unique teacher who cares about her students, who makes sure they come to school, who forces them to respect her and each other.   She spends a lot of her own money on supplies for the classroom, including a set of encyclopedias.   She assigns homework everyday in order to promote responsibility. She sits the students in â€Å"teams† at groups of desks, and has them teach each other the lessons.   Her emphasis means that students in her class succeed much more than the average student in the school.   Ms. Hawkins also teaches the students important social skills.   She doesn’t give grades at all in the first quarter; she gives team grades in the second; she gives pair grades in the third; she gives individual grades in the fourth.   In this way, she teaches the kids to learn before being competitive about grades, and then to help one another and cooperate more than compete.   Later, she teaches the students to look out for themselves. One of the unfortunate problems with this is that these students will have one year of excellent teaching, and then will go back to the â€Å"typical† way that things are in inner-city schools, meaning that their chances of success are still fairly low overall.   It also gives the students as taste of what could have been, which means that overall, one good teacher doesn’t change anything. The best solution is to correct the problem by changing the way the schools are financed.   Instead of refusing to put money into the schools, politicians should be eager to put more money into them, enough to build new buildings (or improve the current ones) and to hire truly qualified teachers.   If that occurs, change will begin at the bottom levels, as students come in and find teachers with higher expectations, and materials to support learning.   People need to stop being completely hopeless about these schools and these students and start giving them what they need.   Without the proper materials and quality teachers, there is no way that students will care, or learn. In some states, school funding is done in an unconstitutional way.   In fact, in most states, schools are funded at least in part by property taxes.   This offers an immediate inequity, since poorer areas, like inner-city areas, will automatically have lower property values, and therefore, less money for schools.   A new funding plan that distributes money more equally, or based on need, is in order.   A suburban school with already current materials, computers, and new buildings does not need as much money as an inner-city school with old materials, no technology, and a crumbling building. Currently, the thinking in education is to give money to the students and districts who are already winners.   Money is allotted as a prize for success.   This value needs to change, so that money is given based on need, because the value is success and opportunity for everyone, not just for the privileged few. Reading this book changes one’s view on the way schools are handled in this country.   It seems perfectly fair to grow up in a privileged district, and to go into education as someone who wants to continue that tradition of excellence.   However, confronting the problems that face many schools today shows that education is not perfect, and not every school or student is nearly as lucky as some. This new realization will change the way a person looks at being an administrator.   Perhaps, instead of fighting for every dollar for a particular school’s excellent AP program, one would choose to distribute that money to districts who do not have things they need.   Or, instead of purchasing new textbooks frequently and getting rid of the old ones, one might choose to buy new textbooks for another school, or to donate older (but still fairly recent) ones to a school in need. Also, when it comes to making policies, one might choose to consider what is best for all students, rather than only a small group.   Many of the students in a poorer district do not have anyone to advocate for them.   Their teachers and politicians mostly will not, and their parents may not know how to.   Some people in their district, and some of the students themselves, may not even speak English.   An administrator from any district may be able to stand up and fight for them.   If enough administrators begin to value equality in education (and separate is not equal, whether it is separated by race or social class), changes will begin to occur. This book is a very eye-opening look at the reality of schools today.   It is an important thing to realize – not all schools are equal.   Many students are suffering because of the lack of opportunity their schools provide, ultimately setting them up for near certain failure.   The only way this will change is if educators stand up and fight for change, and an educator who has not learned about these inequalities will not be able to stand up and fight.   Every educator should know what is really going on. This book comes highly recommended.   Kozol goes into the schools and paints vivid pictures of what the schools are actually like.   He’s not writing from a high horse or a strictly academic perspective.   He is showing what the day to day realities are for so many students.   He is high-lighting the problems in a completely real-world way.   Kozol’s book is an important one in the field, and one that everyone should read. Bibliography Kozol, Jonathan.   Savage Inequalities. Jonathan Kozol.   Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia.   Accessed November 10, 2006.   Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kozol. How to cite Kozol’s Savage Inequalities, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Araby By James Joyce Essay Research Paper 2 free essay sample

? Araby? By James Joyce Essay, Research Paper Love at a immature age is merely an compulsion. As kids, our first relationships are object relationships. The people we like aren # 8217 ; t people ; they are objects of our compulsion, and our compulsions are driven by amour propre and self-love. We are obsessed with what we consider an ideal, something we create. The chief character in the short narrative # 8220 ; Araby # 8221 ; by James Joyce is a immature male child that looks at every event in his life through egotistic eyes. He thinks he is in love with a miss, but in world, he is obsessed by his ideas and his ideal. In the narrative, the male child lives in a place that one time belonged to a priest that passed off. While looking around the house, the supporter notices a few books, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the pages of which were curled and moistnesss: The Abbot, by Walter Scott, The Devout Communicant, and The Memoirs of Vidocq. We will write a custom essay sample on Araby By James Joyce Essay Research Paper 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I liked the last because it # 8217 ; s foliages were yellow. # 8221 ; This shows the reader how the male child is driven by amour propre. He isn # 8217 ; T concerned at all about the contents of the books, but alternatively by what the books looked liked. Because of our he ro’s vernal self-love, his thought of beauty determines what he likes. The male child neer mentions his ain name, or that of the miss. It # 8217 ; s as if her name International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t even of import, and that she is merely the object of his compulsion. Our hero merely refers to the miss as Managan # 8217 ; s sister. He has created an ideal and is in love with his phantasy, non the existent miss. In every case our hero sees the miss, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; her figure # 8230 ; # 8221 ; is # 8220 ; defined by the light # 8230 ; # 8221 ; This is a perfect illustration of how the male child is preoccupied with his ain thought of beauty. Managan # 8217 ; s sister is the centre of our hero # 8217 ; s every idea. He thinks about her and obsesses over her invariably, no affair where he is or what he does. He is non concerned about who the miss is, but instead is image of her. The supporter says, # 8220 ; Her image accompanied me even in topographic points the most hostile to romance. # 8221 ; He so describes an unusual topographic point to believe of her, yet the male child is still surrounded by her image while he is at that place. He even finds himself # 8220 ; praising her # 8221 ; as if she is some kind of God. The supporter was in love with something he created ; his ideal

Friday, November 29, 2019

My Fair Lady and Pretty Woman Essay Example

My Fair Lady and Pretty Woman Essay Understanding the two texts â€Å"My fair Lady† and â€Å"Pretty Woman† have greatly developed and reshaped the indepth comparison of the both studied texts. Texts reflect the concerns of in time in which they are written. The fantastic team work of Alan Jay Lerner and Frederic Lowe made My Fair Lady, an outstanding success in 1962. The story revolves around Eliza Doolittle, an unmannered cockney flower girl from Covent Garden, who agrees to take speech lessons from phonetician Henry Higgins in order to full fill her dream of working in a flower shop and to increase her standard of life. He saw her as inferior, uneducated, annoying being without feelings. Act one introduces the concern to the audience of the social class. In my opinion, this scene is important, this gives the viewers the insight of all aspects of London City, and the introduction to the vibrant characters. Higgins is astounded with the speech of the British class system, a theme in the musical, songs, emphasise personality. The song â€Å" Why can’t the English teach their children how to speak† sets the concept of the act. So obviously education reflects the concerns. Higgins’s concerns are that your ability in speech determines what rank you belong to in the British class system. Money is another important concern, we are introduced by the Eynsofrd Hills and Eliza’s father of how poor they are. This is shown in the start of the musical when Alfred Doolittle arrives at Higgins‘s house determining her whereabouts, not that he worries, he is obtaining money. We will write a custom essay sample on My Fair Lady and Pretty Woman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Fair Lady and Pretty Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Fair Lady and Pretty Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The brilliant set of costumes is shown very well to reflect the 1990’s, they are dull, eye catching and just set the scene of the 19th century. Eliza shows that she is a very strong and powerful character. Quotes like â€Å" I’m a good girl I am† show Eliza’s confidentiality and personality. Frederic Lowe played an important part in creating the musical. One thing that I noticed in watching the musical was the amount of smoking, smoking reflects the 1990’s. After the transformation had taken place, Eliza was taken to present herself at the Ascot Races and the Ambassadors Ball. â€Å"Pretty Womanâ€Å", a 1990 American romantic comedy, directed by Garry Marshall. The opening scene begins with Edward Lewis seeking directions to the Beverly Hills Hotel, he makes the acquaintance of prostitute Vivian Ward and decides to put her on a 3,000-dollar retainer as his date. Kit: â€Å"You should go for him. You look hot tonight. Dont take less than $100. Call me when youre through. Take care of you. Vivian: Take care of you. † Vivian is presented at many functions and the film ends with a fairytale ending, Garry rescuing Vivian from a fire escape, despite his fear of heights, the film ends with a kiss. One important scene in the film is when Vivian is given $3000 to go and buy some clothes, she enters a clothing store on Rodeo drive, only to find that she is snubbed by the saleswoman who refuse her because of her appearance. Because Vivian is a prostitute, of course her clothes aren’t going to help her much. After buying clothes and dressing herself up with the help of Hotel Manager, society are visibly amazed by her transformation, including Edward. Prostitution was okay in the 1990’s, money wasn’t such an offer, Vivian’s only way to make money was to be a prostitute. She feel’s more accepted into society. The song, â€Å"Oh Pretty Woman† sets the scene for the shopping montage in the film. Vivian is taken on a date in a privet jet owned by Edward to the Opera in San Francisco, she is clearly taken away by the music. In conclusion to comparing both texts, I think that both texts suggest that women are not powerful, for example in â€Å"My Fair Lady, Eliza is gullible enough to be manipulated by Higgins and same with Vivian and Richard. When Vivian is taken to the polo match where he is interested in networking for a business deal, Vivian is furious with Edward and informs that she is leaving because Edward told David, a collogue in which how they met as he becomes worried she is a spy. I think this relates to the treatment on women and ownership of men. The two texts show obvious intertextuality, this is clearly shown in both texts, Higgins in â€Å"My Fair Lady† passes Eliza off as a beautiful duchess at the Ambassador’s ball, and by all vision is impressed. And in which Vivian is beautifully dressed in her evening gown and taken on a date to the Opera. She is now presentable. Comparing these texts and their concepts, the understanding of the concerns developed and reshaped my knowledge of the influenced by the time and place.

Monday, November 25, 2019

run essays

run essays Science fiction has always been a mystery to me. I have never found it to be very interesting. The science fiction novels that I have read in the past have all been very involved, so involved that I often get lost in it all. William Gibsons Neuromancer is a very interesting read though. Before I read the book, I read the lecture notes and started paying attention to many of the ideas that were portrayed throughout the book. The world that the book is taking place in is the future. Living in todays world we have all thought about the great things we can look forward to in the future. However, many of todays people see the future as only good and ignoring the fact that the world could get worse as the future approaches. With the amount of resources we are using today it is obvious that we are going to run out and our standards of living will once again decline. This is evident in the book as the book speaks often of the dark side and the way that life has deteriorated. It is also very interesting to see that the world has become one, in other words people from all walks of life are mingled with each other. Because of the development of technology the human life has extended, people are living longer then our creator might have intended. Many of the people, if you can call them that, have had work done to them to allow them to live longer, prosthetics and other things to extent their lives. The book is unlike most science fiction novels in that it does not involve one individual saving a large group of people. Rather this book is simple in its goal, Colonel Corto or Armitage as he is known hires Case a cyberspace cowboy to run a top secret operation. The story revolves around Chase performing his tasks and the obstacles he runs in to. At the end of the book there is not a great number of people that are effected, rather the book ends on a slightly light note with Chase having the toxins removed fr...

Friday, November 22, 2019

A perspective on History- chapter 12 of Ruggiero's Ethical Issues Essay

A perspective on History- chapter 12 of Ruggiero's Ethical Issues Ninth edition - Essay Example The history of Ethics addresses transformations in ethical issues over periods with popular and normal beliefs, trends and presuppositions shaping the model of thought for each period. The ancient Greek ethics is the oldest ethical thinking model fronted by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Philosophical thinking about ethical codes started with the Greek Sophists in the Western intellectual tradition. The Greek Sophists taught youths about the skills of public speaking in order to become successful in the political struggle of those days (Ruggiero, 2007). Moreover, earliest Sophists like Plato and Protagoras fronted the virtue of moral relativism. They underscored the fact that particular communities make their specific moral and ethical codes, setting them as customs and practices of the given community. The second stage in the history of ethics is the medieval ethics. Church fathers fronted the medieval ethical thinking. This was the trial to comprehend the Judeo-Christian scriptures in the view of the Greek philosophers (Ruggiero, 2007). St. Augustine was the major personality that fronted this ethical thinking era. He gave an ethical account of voluntarism and the will. Ethics in the twentieth century has been mainly analytical. It has been majorly concerning the nature and implication of ethical judgments. Modern ethical thinking has mainly focused on meta-ethics rather than normative ethics (Ruggiero, 2007). Modern ethics in the Western traditions draws its connection to the previous ethical thinking stages, that is, the ancient Greek ethics and the medieval ethical

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Art - Essay Example Unlike drawing, there are multiple forms of mediums that include paper, wood and metal. Actual pressure is applied to the medium form to create art. Mount Fugi, from the Thrity-six Views of Mount Fuji by Katsushika Hokusai. Painting is a form of art where paint or color is applied to a form of medium that is usually brushed on. Surfaces that painting occur on include walls, paper, canvases, wood and glass. Paintings appear more naturalistic than drawings which may seem sparse. Pablo Picasso was a famous painter who created Doer Maar au Chat (1941). Encaustic: is also known as hot wax painting where hot beeswax is applied in order to add colored pigments. It is usually put on either wood or canvas. Metal tools are used to shape this paint before it cools down. Encaustic painting began in Egypt around 100-300 AD and later was used by many 20th-century American artists. This painting became prevalent around the 1990’s when people starting using electric irons, hotplates, and othe r heated instruments on different mediums to make abstract designs and other complex paintings. Fresco: involves a mural painting type that is usually created on plaster on either walls or ceilings. It is actually an Italian word that comes from Latin meaning â€Å"fresh.† Frescoes began in Greece around 1500 BC and became prevalent in Roman wall paintings.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Film Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Reflection - Essay Example It tries to explore the complex character of indigenous relationships, cultures and modern realities specifically the relationship between the fathers and sons in Native America. It is the story of one young Native man called Victor Joseph (Adam Beach) who stays with his mother Arlene (Tantoo Cardinal) in Idaho on the Coer d’Alene Indian Reservation and he has always abhorred his father and is trying to forgive him. After Victor finds out in the beginning of the film that Arnold his father is dead, he and Thomas his childhood friend set on a journey to pick his father’s ashes. During their journey, the two friends struggle with the constraints of forgiveness even as Victor begins to heal. It starts in the reservation in 1998 and there is a flashback to the 4th of July 1976 when there was a celebration of the â€Å"white man’s Independence Day†. It included holding the largest house party. As Thomas narrates over the image of a burning house. Arnold Joseph (Gary Farmer) accidentally sets fire to his neighbor’s house. The fire was uncontrollable and it ended up killing the couple who lived there but their baby was rescued by Joseph from the inferno after Thomas the baby was thrown out of the second story window from the burning house. The lucky rescued baby; Thomas (Evan Adams) is raised together with Victor who are almost of the same age by his grandmother. The grandmother offered her appreciation to Victor for saving Thomas and she told him he had done a good thing, but Arnold replied amidst tears that he did not mean to save Thomas. This tension which is the result of Arnold’s admission that he never intended to do good sets the tone for the entire film. Joseph shaves his hair in mourning but keeps drinking in desperation due to the inferno and its results. When Victor at 12 years old sees how his parents drunk, he got

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide Criminology Essay

Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide Criminology Essay As long as I have any choice, I will stay only in a country where political liberty, toleration, and equality of all citizens before the law are the rule. -Albert Einstein. For centuries, man has been fighting with his brother, over man-made issues of differences in their status, nationality, race, colour, religion to name a few. In India itself, this differentiation has taken shape in the form of differences in class, differences between Muslims and Hindus, Sikhs and Christians, recent incidents taking place in Orissa and Kerala are gory examples of the same. In fact, this in essence has also taken place in Maharashtra in 2008 wherein almost 20,000 North Indians fled Pune and other such cities, the same revealed by an article in the Indian Express. Statistics in fact have shown that man is being a threat himself to another man causing his mass exodus. Despite the advancement in technology man doesnt seem to want to co-exist with another, a deficiency which will lead to its self-destruction sooner or later. This is essentially the concept of ethnic cleansing, an international crime progressively taking more antagonistic forms as time passes. In principle, an ethnic group  [1]  would be defined as a community whose heritage offers important characteristics in common between its members and which makes them distinct from other communities. There is a boundary, which separates us from them, and the distinction would probably be recognized on both sides of that boundary. Ethnicity is a multi-faceted phenomenon based on physical appearance, subjective identification, cultural and religious affiliation, stereotyping, and social exclusion.  [2]   The phrase ethnic cleansing was originally introduced by reporters covering the Yugoslav wars of disintegration between 1991 and 1995, but as a course of action it is much older than that.  [3]  By definition, it has been defined as a phenomenon wherein one ethnic group expels members of other ethnic groups from a geographic area in order to create ethnically pure enclaves for members of their ethnic group.  [4]   However, the complexities involved when it comes to ethnic cleansing, is that till date despite the number of occurrences there exists a blur when it comes to differences between genocide and ethnic cleansing.  [5]  Also, the number of incidents wherein ethnic cleansing has taken place makes one question the effectiveness and the authority of the UN and the several other peace keeping bodies.  [6]   It is also pertinent to note that while in theory, the purpose of ethnic cleansing is to drive all members of the victimized group out of a territory. In practice, ethnic cleansing is nearly synonymous with genocide because mass murder is a common characteristic of both. Though, therefore, there is a thin line between the two crimes, it is the need of the hour to differentiate between the two crimes and do away with the pervasive ambiguities. analysis: genocide and its incidents: In order, to be able to differentiate between the concepts of genocide and ethnic cleansing it is first important to understand each of these concepts individually. Ergo, this part will basically focus on the definition of genocide as arrived at in several landmark judgments and also its main essentials, with the natural corollary of looking at the definition of ethnic cleansing. The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin using the combination of the Greek word genos (race or tribe) and the Latin word cide (killing).  [7]  Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 defines the term genocide to include killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, amongst several other things  [8]  , which was accepted as being part and parcel of the customary international law or jus cogens in the case of Prosecutor v. Goran Jelisic.  [9]   The case of Advisory Opinon of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, defines genocide as follows: a crime under international law involving a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, a denial which shocks the conscience of mankind and results in great losses to humanity, which is contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations.  [10]   Genocide without exceptions made is considered to the most despicable crime when it comes to crimes against humanity, which is why Courts are reluctant in arriving at a conclusion which affirms the existence of genocide. It essentially requires two components for the said crime to take the form of genocide, viz. Actus Reus and Mens Rea. These go hand in hand wherein if any of the acts mentioned above have been committed with the necessary specific intent (dolus specialis).  [11]   In the Jelisic  [12]  case it was held that the special nature of this intent supposes the discriminatory nature of the act wherein a group is targeted discriminatorily as such and in this context genocide is closely related to the crime against humanity.  [13]  The Court again found the existence of this specific intent in the case of Akeysu  [14]  wherein the Trial Chamber I held that the rape of Tutsi women in Rwanda in 1994 constituted the crime of genocide.  [15]  In the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia it was held that genocide could be committed both at time of peace as well as of armed conflict.  [16]   Therefore, a perusal of the aforementioned cases clearly shows there is a need of specific intent in case of indictments for the crime of genocide.  [17]   Ethnic Cleansing and its incidents: The 1990s has had the most number of instances wherein the crime of ethnic cleansing has been recorded. This has been attributed by the UN to various political parties which indulge in the same by ruling various States. This power was clearly wielded by the Shiv Sena party in Maharashtra with their jingoistic tactics in expelling Non-Maharashtrians. Blacks Law Dictionary defines ethnic cleansing as: The officially sanctioned forcible and systematic diminution or elimination of targeted ethnic minorities from a geographic area by confiscating real and personal property, ordering or condoning mass murders and mass rapes and expelling the survivors. Few authors are of the opinion that the crime of ethnic cleansing is a 20th Century phenomenon while most others disagree.  [18]  A prototype of ethnic cleansing can be taken from the experience of the Jews during the Nazi Regime, where in order to create Lebensraum, or living space, Hitler, the dictator started an expansionist drive to create a pure Germany. The term ethnic cleansing, a literal translation of the Serbo-Croatian phrase etnicko ciscenje, has resulted in a lot of atrocities like mass killings as well as rape as a means of creating supremacy over the minorities.  [19]   In many of these campaigns, women were targeted for particularly brutal treatment-including systematic rape and enslavement-in part because they were viewed by perpetrators as the carriers, biologically and culturally, of the next generation of their nations. Because many men in victimized populations left their families and communities to join resistance groups once violence began, women and children were often defenseless.  [20]  Statistics shows that the Bosnia-Herzegovina war envisaged a shocking estimate of 20,000 women who endured sexual assaults in the form of either torture or rape. Serbian political and military leaders systematically planned and strategically executed this policy of ethnic cleansing or genocide with the support of the Serbian and Bosnian Serb armies and paramilitary groups to create a Greater Serbia: a religiously, culturally, and linguistically homogenous Serbian nation.5  [21]  The promulgation of the concept of ethnic cleansing and the practices it represents are a grim, contemporary reminder of the global nature of interethnic and interracial inequality and strife.  [22]   The following passage taken from an article is proof of the mass destruction and depraved justice that took place during the Bosnia-Herzegovina War: More than two million people-almost half the population- are still dispossessed of their homes. Some 600,000 of these are refugees abroad who have not yet found durable solutions, many of whom face the prospect of compulsory return into displacement within Bosnia and Herzegovina in the near future. Another 800,000 have been internally displaced to areas in the control of their own ethnic group, living in multiple occupancy situations, in collective centres or in property vacated by the displacement of others, often in situations of acute humanitarian concern. The fundamental issue for the future of the post-war society of Bosnia and Herzegovina is whether these people can or will return to their homes.  [23]   A case study shows that the challenges of post 1980 former Yugoslavia were exacerbated by the countrys demographic and socio-cultural make-up, comprising several ethnonationalities with different religions, mentalities, histories and levels of development. In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina the authoritarian regimes and their leaders were the main sources of human rights violations. Nationalism and hatred of other peoples and religions were probably the reasons for the brutal break up of the former Yugoslavia. Ethnonationalism was, and has largely remained, widely and deeply entrenched among the constituent groups.  [24]   Various authorities indicate that the notion of ethnic cleansing takes place when there is a deportation of mass population on the basis of their ethnic differences in order to create a homogenous ethnic State. While a crime like genocide inevitably results in imposing criminal liability, it has been stated by several authors that since the term ethnic cleansing does not appear in any of the laws the same is not punishable as long as genocide, rape or other crimes against humanity have not been used, which have been banned by several legal instrument.  [25]   This argument however is to be rendered untenable  [26]  as though, ethnic cleansing per se doesnt feature under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, it can be included under crimes against humanity under Article 7 which speaks of Deportation or forcible transfer of population  [27]  equivalent to ethnic cleansing. Moreover, a perusal of the Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia under Article 4  [28]  also makes the crime of ethnic cleansing punishable. The Trial Chamber  [29]  in a particular case was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the crimes that were committed in the Bosnian Krajina from April 1992 until the end of December 1992, the period relevant to the Indictment, occurred as a direct result of the over-arching Strategic Plan. The ethnic cleansing was not a by-product of the criminal activity; it was its very aim and thus an integral part of the Strategic Plan.  [30]   Therefore, a perusal of the aforementioned authorities helps one understand essentially the concept of ethnic cleansing and the essentials thereof. differences between the two: Andrew Bell-Fialkoff in his book, has remarked thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the crime of ethnic cleansing defies easy definition. At one end it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population exchange while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing can be understood as the expulsion of a population from a given territory.  [31]   Different authors have different opinions regarding the differences between these two, while some state such a difference exists only in theory while other claim it to exist practically as well. From a perusal of the above, genocide and ethnic cleansing can be differentiated in three ways: (1) Need of intent: Genocide could be a means to commit ethnic cleansing, but the purpose of such a crime then would not be murder but would be otherwise. Furthermore, in contrast to genocide, there is no need for special intent under the crime of ethnic cleansing, making it easier for parties to establish a crime of ethnic cleansing in comparison to a charge of genocide leveled against a particular party to the dispute.  [32]  It has been found under various texts that the requirement of specific intent is not found under ethnic cleansing, making it easier to prove before the International Courts in comparison to the crime of genocide.  [33]   (2) The purpose: The purpose under genocide is the physical destruction of an ethnical, racial or a religious group, while that of ethnic cleansing is the founding of ethnically homogeneous lands. The means used for the latter could also be genocide.  [34]   (3) Ends achieved: While genocide results in physical destruction of a particular minority groups, ethnic cleansing results in the flight of a community not necessarily mass killing.  [35]   As found in the previously, it may not always be feasible to point out differences between the two. In fact, this clear cut distinction has been reduced by various subsequent measures taken by the authoritative bodies. In 1992 concerning the hostilities in Yugoslavia, the UN General Assembly  [36]  clearly stated that ethnic cleansing is a form of genocide.  [37]   To worsen the situation, in the case of Prosecutor v. Krstic,  [38]  , the Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), expressly diverging from the wider interpretation of the notion of intent to destroy by the United Nations made a difference between ethnic cleansing and genocide. an enterprise attacking only the cultural or sociological characteristics of a human group in order to annihilate these elements which give to that group its own identity distinct from the rest of the community would not fall under the definition of genocide. Similarly, in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) the International Court of Justice  [39]  have also upheld the above judgment based on the same reasoning.  [40]  Various scholars also have given views similar to that found in the above cases wherein a distinction has been made between the two offences.  [41]   Therefore, there remains doubt in this unchattered territory, but courts generally refrain from holding a state or an official responsible for the offence of genocide in comparison to that of ethnic cleansing. Conclusion: From an analysis of the above judgments, we find that there exists a very thin line between the concepts of genocide and that of ethnic cleansing. There is a need to attain consistency with regard to the various opinions on the same, consistency being an essential or cannon of any law. The basic bone of contention is in fact this lack of uniformity in interpreting the law by the courts. That apart, a need is felt that stricter international norms be laid down in order to ensure that a crime like ethnic cleansing taking the form of international crimes like rape, genocide does not take place at the ferocity that it has been since the 1990s.  [42]   It should be realized by the UN and various other monitoring bodies that it is imperative that a clear cut distinction be made between the two, agreed, a strait-jacket formula cannot be applied, but it should lay down certain parameters for determining when ethnic cleansing takes place. As of now, the definition of the said terms remains uncertain in international law. States should realize that even the magna carta Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [43]  ordains equality on each and every human being, which would immediately render the offence of ethnic cleansing purposeless.  [44]   It is to be necessarily understood that, As long as the criminals are divided into ours and theirs; as long as ethnic discrimination is not replaced with moral and professional criteria; as long as already initiated democratic processes do not take roots; there will be little chance of reconciliation, economic development and respect for the human rights and freedoms.  [45]   Therefore, an attempt has been made by virtue of this project to understand the basic differences between these two types of crimes which are basically instigated against other human beings and the same conclusion has been arrived at with the help of leadings judgments and opinions of various authors on the same. Ethnic cleansing results in the division of a particular country into several fragments, there more the disputes the more these fragments will break and finally there shall be nothing for one to offer. This has been aptly illustrated in the following paragraph: In Germany they first came for the communists; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a communist. Then they came for the Jews; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Catholic. Then they came for me and by that time there was nobody left to speak up. Martin Niemoller

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Confederate Flag’s Heritage of Hate Essay -- Confederate Flag Sout

The Confederate Flag’s Heritage of Hate The Confederate flag has now become a hot issue for South Carolina, which is the last state to have the original Confederate flag still flying on its Statehouse. What got the State’s attention was the economic boycott of South Carolina that was announced on January 1992 by the NAACP to pressure the State to remove the Confederate flag off of its Statehouse in Columbia. The NAACP’s removal request is based on the fact that they, the anti-flag groups, claim that the meaning of the Confederate flag is one of hate and discrimination. On the other hand, there are other groups that believe differently whom are called the pro-flag groups. They claim that the Confederate flag is a sign of heritage and should stay on the Statehouse. The Civil War being about slavery is one of the first things addressed in both sides of the debate. Also a big part of the debate is the Confederate flag’s connection with racism. The Confederate flag’s connection with slavery a nd racial inequality makes it a negative symbol, which should not be flying on South Carolina’s Statehouse. Pro-flag groups claim that slavery was only a small issue in the Civil War, but if slavery was allowed to continue then there would not have been a Civil War. This quote out of a pro-flag article shows what Lincoln said about the idea of freeing slaves. I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.† In an 1862 letter to the New York Daily Tribune editor Horace Greeley, Lincoln wrote. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either to sa... ... have to go to see it not somewhere were people have to see it. Work Cited Eric Foner. â€Å"Rebel Yell.† The Nation. 270.6 (February 14, 2000): 4. James F. Barker. â€Å"Clemson History Offers Perspective for Flag Debate.† The State. December 3, 2000. Stuart Taylor Jr. â€Å"The Confederate Flag and the Cost of Pandering.† National Journal. 32.4 (January 22, 2000): 215. Walter E. Williams. No: â€Å"Critics of the flag are Counting on a General Ignorance of History to Make Their Case.† Symposium. March 14, 2001. http://database.townhall.com/insight/printit.ctm Quick, Steven. â€Å"Lynching Lee† The Opinions. 2/27/2001 http://www.insightmag.com/archive/200002064.shtml Amy. â€Å"Even more on the confederate Flag vs. the â€Å"Xian† usage debates.† Parentsplace.com. February 02,2000 wysiwyg://4http://boards2.parentsplace.com/messages/get/ppcurrentdebates63/26.html The Confederate Flag’s Heritage of Hate Essay -- Confederate Flag Sout The Confederate Flag’s Heritage of Hate The Confederate flag has now become a hot issue for South Carolina, which is the last state to have the original Confederate flag still flying on its Statehouse. What got the State’s attention was the economic boycott of South Carolina that was announced on January 1992 by the NAACP to pressure the State to remove the Confederate flag off of its Statehouse in Columbia. The NAACP’s removal request is based on the fact that they, the anti-flag groups, claim that the meaning of the Confederate flag is one of hate and discrimination. On the other hand, there are other groups that believe differently whom are called the pro-flag groups. They claim that the Confederate flag is a sign of heritage and should stay on the Statehouse. The Civil War being about slavery is one of the first things addressed in both sides of the debate. Also a big part of the debate is the Confederate flag’s connection with racism. The Confederate flag’s connection with slavery a nd racial inequality makes it a negative symbol, which should not be flying on South Carolina’s Statehouse. Pro-flag groups claim that slavery was only a small issue in the Civil War, but if slavery was allowed to continue then there would not have been a Civil War. This quote out of a pro-flag article shows what Lincoln said about the idea of freeing slaves. I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.† In an 1862 letter to the New York Daily Tribune editor Horace Greeley, Lincoln wrote. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either to sa... ... have to go to see it not somewhere were people have to see it. Work Cited Eric Foner. â€Å"Rebel Yell.† The Nation. 270.6 (February 14, 2000): 4. James F. Barker. â€Å"Clemson History Offers Perspective for Flag Debate.† The State. December 3, 2000. Stuart Taylor Jr. â€Å"The Confederate Flag and the Cost of Pandering.† National Journal. 32.4 (January 22, 2000): 215. Walter E. Williams. No: â€Å"Critics of the flag are Counting on a General Ignorance of History to Make Their Case.† Symposium. March 14, 2001. http://database.townhall.com/insight/printit.ctm Quick, Steven. â€Å"Lynching Lee† The Opinions. 2/27/2001 http://www.insightmag.com/archive/200002064.shtml Amy. â€Å"Even more on the confederate Flag vs. the â€Å"Xian† usage debates.† Parentsplace.com. February 02,2000 wysiwyg://4http://boards2.parentsplace.com/messages/get/ppcurrentdebates63/26.html

Monday, November 11, 2019

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Sixteen

Elena hurried toward Robert E. Lee, feeling as if she'd been away from it for years. Last night seemed like something from her distant childhood, barely remembered. But she knew that today there would be its consequences to face. Last night she'd had to face Aunt Judith. Her aunt had been terribly upset when neighbors had told her about the murder, and even more upset that no one seemed to know where Elena was. By the time Elena had arrived home at nearly two in the morning, she had been frantic with worry. Elena hadn't been able to explain. She could only say that she'd been with Stefan, and that she knew he had been accused, and that she knew was innocent. All the rest, everything else that had happened, she had had to keep to herself. Even if Aunt Judith had believed it, she would never have understood. And this morning Elena had slept in, and now she was late. The streets were deserted except for her, as she hurried on toward the school. Overhead,, the sky was gray and a wind was rising. She desperately wanted to see Stefan. All night, while she'd been sleeping so heavily, she'd had nightmares about him. One dream had been especially real. In it she saw Stefan's pale face and his angry, accusing eyes. He held up a book to her and said, â€Å"How could you, Elena? How could you?† Then he dropped the book at her feet and walked away. She called after him, pleading, but he went on walking until he disappeared in darkness. When she looked down at the book, she saw it was bound in dark blue velvet. Her diary. A quiver of anger went through her as she thought again of how her diary had been stolen. But what did the dream mean? What was in her diary to make Stefan look like that? She didn't know. All she knew was that she needed to see him, to hear his voice, to feel his arms around her. Being away from him was like being separated from her own flesh. She ran up the steps of the high school into the nearly empty corridors. She headed toward the foreign-language wing, because she knew that Stefan's first class was Latin. If she could just see him for a moment, she would be all right. But he wasn't in class. Through the little window in the door, she saw his empty seat. Matt was there, and the expression on his face made her feel more frightened than ever. He kept glancing at Stefan's desk with a look of sick apprehension. Elena turned away from the door mechanically. Like an automaton, she climbed the stairs and walked to her trigonometry classroom. As she opened the door, she saw every face turn toward her, and she slipped hastily into the empty desk beside Meredith. Ms. Halpern stopped the lesson for a moment and looked at her, then continued. When the teacher had turned back to the blackboard, Elena looked at Meredith. Meredith reached over to take her hand. â€Å"Are you all right?† she whispered. â€Å"I don't know,† said Elena stupidly. She felt as if the very air around her was smothering her, as if there were a crushing weight all around her. Meredith's fingers felt dry and hot. â€Å"Meredith, do you know what's happened to Stefan?† â€Å"You meanyou don't know?† Meredith's dark eyes widened, and Elena felt the weight grow even more crushing. It was like being deep, deep under water without a pressure suit. â€Å"They haven't†¦ arrested him, have they?† she said, forcing the words out. â€Å"Elena, it's worse than that. He's disappeared. The police went to the boarding house early this morning and he wasn't there. They came to school, too, but he never showed up today. They said they'd found his car abandoned out by Old Creek Road. Elena, they think he's left, skipped town, because he's guilty.† â€Å"That's not true,† said Elena through her teeth. She saw people turn around and look at her, but she was beyond caring. â€Å"He's innocent!† â€Å"I know you think so, Elena, but why else would he leave?† â€Å"He wouldn't. He didn't.† Something was burning inside Elena, a fire of anger that pushed back at the crushing fear. She was breathing raggedly. â€Å"He would never have left of his own free will.† â€Å"You mean someone forced him? But who? Tyler wouldn't dare-† â€Å"Forced him, or worse,† Elena interrupted. The entire class was staring at them now, and Ms. Halpern was opening her mouth. Elena stood up suddenly, looking at them without seeing. â€Å"God help him if he's hurt Stefan,† she said. â€Å"Godhelp him.† Then she whirled and made for the door. â€Å"Elena, come back! Elena!† She could hear shouts behind her, Meredith's and Ms. Halpern's. She walked on, faster and faster, seeing only what was straight ahead of her, her mind fixed on one thing. They thought she was going after Tyler Smallwood. Good. They could waste their time running in the wrong direction. She knew what she had to do. She left the school, plunging into the cold autumn air. She moved quickly, legs eating up the distance between the school and the Old Creek Road. From there she turned toward Wickery Bridge and the graveyard. An icy wind whipped her hair back and stung her face. Oak leaves were flying around her, swirling in the air. But the conflagration in her heart was searing hot and burned away the cold. She knew now what a towering rage meant. She strode past the purple beeches and the weeping willows into the center of the old graveyard and looked around her with feverish eyes. Above, the clouds were flowing along like a lead-gray river. The limbs of the oaks and beeches lashed together wildly. A gust threw handfuls of leaves into her face. It was as if the graveyard were trying to drive her out, as if it were showing her its power, gathering itself to do something awful to her. Elena ignored all of it. She spun around, her burning gaze searching between the headstones. Then she turned and shouted directly into the fury of the wind. Just one word, but the one she knew would bring him. â€Å"Damon!† [The End]

Saturday, November 9, 2019

UHHH.. RIGHT OR LEFT Professor Ramos Blog

UHHH.. RIGHT OR LEFT The arizona heat fills the car that carries my four friends James , Jasmine, Victor and myself all very hungry and lost. Now it was my time to prove to them that I Carlos the one that is very bad with directions can actually guide them to their first destination. Yet thats what I assumed would happen with my first go at using a map. Having previously learned how to use it, as what I thought I did I had full confidence that my new found skills could not only impress them but prove that I could actually lead a group. As we proceed down the desert road it was now my turn to give James who was driving, the first pieces of directions first a right then a left and so on. James however is the least patient in our group turns to me with slight tension in his voice Carlos are us sure about where we are going? With full confidence I say yes with no phone service to verify it he simply took my word and proceeded to drive. Although one thing they didnt know was that this was my first time using a map. So lets backtrack this story before everything would turn into a twist no literally. My dad who is the expert at camping trips is a 5’6 guy who also just like James has no patience when it comes to certain situations. When telling my dad about the trip he was so excited that I’ll be exploring and leading a group just as he used to do with my family when we were little kids. It started out with a simple talk about what to pack and soon came down to the question of so do you have a map or any sort or gps system. Being a millenial when I heard the word map I immediately in my head was like uhh†¦ yeah I have it on my phone pops were in the 20th century. After my inner talk my dad had brought to my attention that the places that I would be going would probably have no phone service. Soon after he pulls out a map that is folded about a million times I would have thought it was a failed origami project the size of a billboard. When I looked at it, it was very intimidating and brought about instant anxiety since not only will I be in a different state but that I would be having to lead my friends on our trip. My dad started to first list out the features of the map the compass, looking at which highway would connect to the next and so on. Also to mention that this was the day before my trip since Im pretty bad procrastinator he gave me what I had to know but with a lot of detail. We sat at the kitchen table for what seemed like forever as he instructed me and reassured that I would be perfectly fine and just to have confidence in myself. Later on that day I sat in my room packing all my goodies when I glanced over at that dreadful map and just like it felt like everything my dad had taught me suddenly disappear. Overthinking every situation possible I skied myself out and went back to his room to get another crash course on it. This time he seemed a little irritated since the lesson before seemed to slip my mind but my lovley mom backed me up. Yet again we sat down and he began to go back to the map but this time giving me the main things points that I needed to know. So now this leads us back to our story, once I gave James the next place to turn everyone in the car drew about an uneasy feeling that we were going the wrong way. We stopped in a small town that surprisingly had phone service to verify if   I was going the right way. Only to find out that the last 50 miles we had being going the wrong way. Frustrated everyone voiced their opinion in a small toyota corolla each voice overlapping the other. Although at the time I felt like I was defeated I still had an open mind that maybe I’ll be able to get the next one right, well thats if they can trust me. Eventually we made it to our destination and woke up to venture out to our first national park. Reminiscing about the night before laughing about how we all turned into monsters the past night we had high hopes that it would be worth it. We entered the park and the park ranger yet again they handed me that folded up map but this time it was the park map. I know it may not have been a super complex map but it still showed different routes to take the shuttle bus to get around different places on the mountain. I seen this as my golden opportunity to try to not only prove to myself and my friends that I can lead them and not get them killed this time. We all sat in a circle on a small patch of grass that looked from the outside like we were out to plot something with a map in the middle.   However I couldnt just jump in after getting them lost so I made slight opinions but they were merely laughed off. Jasmine suggested a trail and we begin our journey to hop from bus to but when we got off†¦. It wasnt our stop when looking at the map we had caught the wrong connecting bus. We all looked at each other as if this was a repeat of last night but we saw the silver lining since there was another trail nearby that was just as beautiful as the one we expected to arrive at. At last our trail was done and now we were all very sweaty hot and ready to pack up and head back to the campsite. Mumbled words under heavy breathing are the layers of voices that asked which bus do we take? With the very little energy still in me I pushed my voice through my gasping lungs and said Oh I know! With really no energy to argue if we would get lost they simply followed me on the first bus. It wasnt till the AC of the bus had cooled me off that it had all settled in. I pulled out the map and begin to retrace the important lessons my dad had taught me but at times the anxiety of messing up was lingering in the back of my head. We had finally arrived to the place were we had taken the wrong bus but by now everyone was cooled off but very tired so I built up the courage to get there since this was the final leg of the journey. For one last time I opened my bag to reveal the wrinkled map and unfolded every part to reveal the way back. I then began to retrace where we had made our mistake and guided us to the connecting bus that took us back to the parking lot. Once I stepped foot off the bus it felt as though I was lost at sea and was finally seeing the shore just a few miles away. In the car they all begin to mess with me and say that we made it alive but also gave props on the fact I was able to get everyone back. This trip taught me to not only learn how to begin to read a map but also to have confidence in anything that I do. We tend to doubt ourselves and never fully commit to trying something even if it means making mistakes. However it all paid off in the long run like exploring new trails that we had never seen before to the everlasting stories like the one I just told. This also painted new memories of bounding with my dad and building a stronger bond with him and my friends.To this day Im still learning how to read it and still getting lost but at least this time for now I have my gps and the confidence to take on any adventure.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Tecting shile drtiving Essay examples

Tecting shile drtiving Essay examples Tecting shile drtiving Essay examples Zhichen Wang HIST 2 14 March 2014 Savage or Culturally Advanced? In 15th century, when INCA EMPIRE was still occupying a large areas of Latin Americas and Indians were still a riddle to European voyages and royal households. What on earth is happening on that mistery land ?No one can gave a direct answer. Was that a empire which is high civilized with well developed culture, or it was just a group of barbarian lives there with extreme ignorance and barbarity? The altitude displayed by Cobo towards the indigenous inhabitants of Peru and the altitude displayed by Hernan Cortes was totally different.In this paper, We gonna discuss the hidden reasons behind the data.Though both of their opinions are reasonable, however,I think the disparity were caused by two reasons. In Hernan’s letter to Charles V, 1520. He think that the city of Tenochtitlan , which is the capital of Inca Empire, was a great city. He describes this city(nowadays Mexicanï ¼â€°as a high civilized city with temples, squares and different stores.He gave lots of minor details ab out that city and tries to describes that city as well structured and organized. â€Å"In regard to the domestic appointments of Moctezuma, and the wonderful grandeur and state that he maintains, there is so much to be told, that I assure your highness i know not where to begin my relation, so as to be finish to be able to finsh a part of it† This was cited by the letter, we can see that how jealous the author feel when he first saw a building built with golds and silvers.Thus, it gave us an illusion of that every building there was as magnificent as domestic appointments of Moctezuma. In fact, every single thing written by Hernan Cortes were illusions. He mentioned the stores in the city. â€Å"There are all kinds of green vegetables, especially onions, leeks, garlic,watercresses, nasturtium, borage, sorrel, artichokes, and golden thistle,fruits etc.† Hs was so amazed by the sells of the fruit, fish , vegetables and different porcelains and silks sold in the stores.It is true that all the sells in the city is true but that was because the land of American is abundant. Compared to mainland of European, because the lacks of productivity of corps and fruits, Europeans looks this as a simple of rich and wealth.On the other hand , Latin America was full of silvers and golds, as a result.Hernan Cortes was confused by those illusions and think this as a rich great â€Å"land†.Moreover , the place he described and praised most is the place related to the religion and the center of authority, he was ingenious muted the place where normal citizens of Inca empire lives. In my point , when we talks about a nations , we can’t argued by a piece of block but the entire city. Henan Cortes can’t be a fool to have this one-sided opinion, what he did is to write to Charles V and talks about how wealthy the Inca was in order to invade and conquest the city.As a result, he can pillage the silvers and golds in Inca and get the permissions to do t his.This is one of main reason Hernan misdescribed the city of Temixtitlan. According to the second document â€Å"The History of the Inca Empire†,

Monday, November 4, 2019

Female genital Mutilation in Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Female genital Mutilation in Sudan - Essay Example Focus is also drawn on the different ways through which the government of Sudan, different international agencies, local non-governmental organizations, and civil groups are working to stop this oppressive practice. Communities that practice FGM perform it in varying ways. The World Health Organization has developed three major categories of FGM. There is Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. Type 1 female circumcision is referred to as clitoridectomy. This mainly involves the removal of the tip of the prepuce, with or without excision of part or the entire clitoris. In Type 2, there is the removal of the clitoris together with part or all of the labia minora. Type 3 female circumcision is also called infibulation. This involves the removal of most or all of the female genitalia. In this type, there is also the stitching of the vaginal opening, where only a small opening is allowed for urine and menstrual flow (Islam & Uddin 2001, p. 72). Type 3 is considered the most severe form of FGM. In Su dan, there are different names that are used to refer to each of the three types of female circumcision. Type 1 is referred to as â€Å"Sunna.† This involves the removal of the tip of the prepuce. ... For instance, some of the Muslim Sudanese hold that female circumcision is supported by Islam. On the other hand, the Muslim theologians in Sudan believe that there is no provision for FGM in the Koran (Islam & Uddin 2001, p. 73). Nonetheless, Turshen (2000, p. 145) notes that FGM is linked to Islam, even though not all Muslim countries uphold it. With regard to the prevalence of female circumcision in Sudan, the findings of Sudan Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS) of 1989 -1990 show that 89% of the ever-married women have undergone some form of FGM. The Northern part of Sudan ranks high, with approximately 99% of the ever-married women having undergone circumcision (Landinfo 2008, p. 6). In 2001, Islam and Uddin conducted a study in Sudan to determine the prevalence of female circumcision in the region. Their study focused on Haj-Yousif and Shendi, which are in the North, as well as Juba, in the South. Nonetheless, in this paper, the focus is not on South Sudan. The study of Islam and Uddin (2001, p. 74) revealed that female circumcision is highly prevalent in Sudan. 100% of the respondents in Shendi, and 87% of respondents in Haj-Yousif had undergone circumcision. The most prevalent form of female circumcision was found to be the Pharaonic circumcision, which is the most severe form. In Sudan, the process of female circumcision is performed by lay practitioners. These have little or no knowledge on the female anatomy, or medicine. The conditions under which female circumcision takes place in Sudan are below the hygiene standards. Furthermore, no anaesthesia is performed on the females before circumcision, and there is no sterilizing of the instruments used to perform female circumcision (Landinfo 2008, p. 9). A major reason why

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Bars and Night Clubs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bars and Night Clubs - Essay Example The dance floor is usually lighted by different kinds of lights which spark through out the club. The feel given to a night club is different than that to other clubs and bars in terms of the themes and environment given to the clubbers. The music in night clubs is usually played by a DJ who plays fast music such as pop or dance items. The lighting forms an important aspect in the night clubs as the revolving lights of different colors in the night club gives a charm to the whole night club. Different types of lighting have been arranged for the night clubs which give effect to the whole night club. Flashing of different colored lights is a common sight in these clubs. Similarly the audio system used in night clubs is of immense importance as the whole night club dances to the rhythm of the music. It can be said that night clubs are basically designed to give the clubbers a change in the environment of dancing and a freedom which not all the clubbers can experience in the outer world . The dance floor is usually lit up by flashing lights in which people cannot usually view the faces of each other clearly. Nowadays night clubs also include a bar which provides people with beer and alcohol to drink. The night clubs are usually open in the night and closed in the daylight hours.

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Case Study Discuss the pathpyysiology of Myelofibrosis Essay

Case Study Discuss the pathpyysiology of Myelofibrosis - Essay Example This disease is characterized by fibrosis and sclerosis of bone marrow. To compensate for the hematopoietic cell population, extramedullary hematopoiesis takes place in the spleen, accounting for the massive enlargement of the spleen. This disease occurs predominantly in subjects over the age of 54 years. The bone marrow fibrosis is the hallmark of pathological findings in such cases, where extensive fibrosis with resultant peripheral blood leukoerythroblastosis is expected as a typical histopathologic picture on bone marrow biopsy (Tefferi, 2000, p. 1255-1265). This clinically heterogeneous group of diseases stems from clonal proliferation of stem cell origin and is characterized at least initially by marrow hypercellularity with varying degrees of marrow fibrosis and an increase in the production of one or more terminally differentiated cell types. These differentiated elements may accumulate in the bone marrow, in the peripheral blood, and in other organs, such as, spleen. All these diseases demonstrate a variable tendency to undergo disease progression that may terminate in bone marrow failure or in transformation to an acute phase malignant disease. The evaluation of bone marrow histology holds an important role in defining the pathology of this disease, by mainly ruling out unsuspected pathology. The pathologic changes are subtle until the disease has progressed, and therefore, classification of these disorders benefits from the integration of the morphologic features with clinical, hematologic, and cytogenetic findings. Of major impo rtance is the presence or absence of Philadelphia chromosomes (BCR/ABL or translocation9;22). This group of diseases constitutes the classical group of BCR/ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders. The disease is regarded as one of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Recently considerable progress has been made in understanding its pathogenesis, although this has yet to result in significant therapeutic advances. Indeed, its prognosis remains poor when compared to other BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders with death resulting from cardiac failure, infection, hemorrhage, and leukemic transformation (Barosi, 2003, p. 1211-1226). Hemapoetic Components It has been appreciated for many years that MF is a clonal disorder and that the disease arises from the proliferation of malignant pluripotential stem cells. Recently, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), there is evidence that both B and T cells can be involved, while karyotypic analysis has shown that the stromal proliferation is polyclonal, or reactive, and not part of the underlying clonal hematopoiesis. An increased number of circulating hematopoietic precursors, including pluripotent and lineage restricted progenitor cells is a feature of MF and is likely to result from the proteolytic release of stem cells from the marrow. It is also possible that the spleen and liver contribute to the circulating progenitor pool as splenectomy temporarily normalizes levels. The high level of circulating progenitor cells is reflected in the significantly increased peripheral

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Reducing College Tuition Essay Example for Free

Reducing College Tuition Essay Abstact There is a need to reduce the cost of college tuition in America. The rising costs threaten the ability and desire of students to attend college, but there are ways for both parents and students to make going to college more affordable. The Need to Reduce College Tuition With the cost of education on the rise, students are asking that time aged question, will they be able to attend college? The answer is yes, and without taking on the burden of overpriced tuition fees and loans. Attending community college has become a trend across the country and offer continuing education with little to no direct cost to students. Dual enrollment options, where a student can take a class that counts towards both high school and college credits are becoming increasingly popular with a large proportion of these students enrolling through two-year colleges and universities. Economic downturns are also believed to attract many students to community colleges, acting as a more affordable route to higher education at a time when money is tight and jobs are scarce. In 2007, 6.3 million students enrolled in community colleges in the United States, representing 34 percent of all undergraduates, and 46 percent of all undergraduates at public institutions. (25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition, 2006) Community college enrollments have grown considerably over the last half-century, reflecting a general increase in demand for postsecondary degrees seen in this period. However, little attention is given to the fact that community colleges have quietly gained not only in enrollments, but in public institution market share as well (25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition, 2006). Colleges and universities are not in a position to give you a discount on the cost of tuition. What they can do, however, is offer you gift aid in the form of scholarships, grants and work-study programs to reduce your out-of-pocket cost of attendance. Even if you’ve been awarded some gift aid from the school in your financial aid award letter, there may be additional aid available that the school can use to attract desirable candidates (Negotiating Your College Tuition, 2012). Once you’ve been accepted to a colleges or university, look at their published tuition rates and your financial situation. While public colleges will generally have a lower tuition, keep in mind that private, non-profit colleges are more dependent on tuition money, so they may be especially willing to make a deal with you – receiving less tuition money from a student is better than receiving no money at all, and you should always ask about other monies that may be available through programs and scholarships. If you do not ask, the school will not divulge this information willingly (Negotiating Your College Tuition, 2012). President Obama offered a plan Friday to reduce the costs of higher education by increasing the amount of federal grant money available for low-interest loans and tying it directly to colleges’ ability to reduce tuition (WP Politics, 2012). In an impassioned speech before 4,000 students at the University of Michigan, Obama delivered an election-year pitch to the type of youthful audience that buoyed his 2008 campaign, saying his administration was putting colleges â€Å"on notice† that they must rein in soaring prices. (WP Politics, 2012). â€Å"You can’t assume you’ll just jack up tuition every single year,† Obama said to cheers at Glick Field House (Obama, 2012), the school’s indoor football facility. â€Å"If you can’t stop tuition going up, your funding from taxpayers will go down. We should push colleges to do better; we should hold them accountable if they don’t† (Obama, 2012). With all the talk during the run for president, it will be great to see if all the plans for college tuition being lowered are true. We have thousands of students graduating from colleges across the country, and if they cannot find jobs that will pay them enough to pay back student loans, they will find themselves drowning in debt, and this will not be good for the student or the economy. These people will not be able to establish credit, buy a home or even purchase a vehicle. They will fall further in debt as the interest rate on the loan accumulates. This is why tuition fees need to be reduced, so even if a student does not come straight out of school with a high paying job, they will be able to make affordable payments on their loans without being overwhelmed. Tuition fees are scary. References 25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition. (2006, September). Retrieved from Center for College affordability: http://centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/25Ways_to_Reduce_the_Cost_of_College.pdf Negotiating Your College Tuition. (2012). Retrieved from Campus Explorer: http://www.campusexplorer.com/college-advice-tips/422D4AF3/Negotiating-Your-College-Tuition/ WP Politics. (2012, November 02). Retrieved from The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-outlines-incentive-plan-to-reduce-college-tuition-costs/2012/01/27/gIQAc92fVQ_story.html

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Financial Report for Furniture Company | Example

Financial Report for Furniture Company | Example Financial Report Scenario: Must Have Furnishers TABLE OF CONTENTS (JUMP TO) INTRODUCTION TASK ONE: Effect of Policies on Company Performance TASK TWO: Effect of Product Diversification and Promotions TASK THREE: Risk Analysis   TASK FOUR: Production and Profitability TASK FIVE: Buying Out and Merging CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES A-E TABLE 1. CASH FLOWS TABLE 2. SIMPLIFIED PROFIT AND LOSS TABLE 3. SIMPLIFIED BALANCE SHEET TABLE 4. PROFIT AND LOSS FOR MARCH 2001 THROUGH MARCH 2002 TABLE 5. BALANCE SHEETS FOR MARCH 2002 AND MARCH 2003 FOR COMPARISION INTRODUCTION A company with staying power within the marketplace will have a keen understanding of ebb and flow, be able to communicate change and put into practice strategies that also reflect flexibility and values for growth situations. The relationship between values and culture, leaders and teams of employees must maintain a healthy balance in order for the status quo of everyday operations to remain but also for the strategies to remain in place and augmenting in flux with market variables. This paper presents an interesting scenario of five tasks for you as the management trainee to explore and devise a financial report based on the company’s financial statements such as Profit and Loss, Year End results and other balance sheets. There is a new sales manager, who has promoted new policies toward change to increase sales and production but in other words created growing pains toward an organisation that will require investment, acquiring equipment and employees. It is part of your job to remain focused and subjective to the task at hand and evaluate each of the five tasks with the future of the organisation in mind but also the validity of such growth and the future investments needed. While outside investment is warranted at times, with a growing successful venture, it is assumed that some capital can come from within. However it is curious if her â€Å"tried and true† scheme will work for the present economic state. So many consumers purchase ticket item s on instalment credit but will this happen when consumer confidence is down and what will this mean for the organisation? TASK ONE: Effect of Policies on Company Performance There is concern that the company cannot keep up with production for this new promotion scheme set into place by the new sales manager who has promoted credit related sales. The director is concerned and has asked you to compile a report elaborating on whether the performance of the company and it’s financial position at the year-end has improved because of the new policies put into place. What is your opinion and rationale? According to the end year statements, operation costs are down which means the factory has reached a new level of efficiency. This indicates that something is going right at the shop room floor when compared with the prior year. It can be expected that the future productivity will be even higher with that rate of growth and profitability in consideration. However part of the scheme has been to introduce a line of credit to the consumer as a way of purchasing high ticket items and furnishing their homes. The main concern here when looking at the year-end statements comparatively should be cause of alarm on the point of the director. The prior year 2002 there were 166 debt accounts to the company. This year 2003 there are 1166 debt accounts and this is at a growth rate of a thousand new accounts or a rate 14 percent for this segment. The main concern here is the rate of repayment that needs to be established over time with these debtors. How quickly are they paying off their accounts a nd at what rate of interest? This could become a problem should some of them fall behind because then the company needs to implement a debt collection service, which will be an additional expense to the company. Sometimes it is impossible to collect on such merchandise. While the promotion may have spawned a tremendous amount of growth, it has also opened up the company for increased risk in the future for profit and loss. The year 2003 was a good one but one must also consider should the present promotion continue for 204, what are the long-term benefits and risks to having extended credit lines to consumers? TASK TWO: Effect of Product Diversification and Promotions Pricing strategies usually change as the product passes through its life cycle. There are a number of different methods of determining price depending on the product. In today’s game, diversification of products and product add-ons is the key to success especially in a saturated market like furniture. There is much competition. It is with this in mind that companies usually develop multiple promotions as opposed to just one. This way, the company has a promotion that can be priced for every budget. For your organisation, this may mean running ad campaigns, for instance a two for the price one during the winter season or provide extra perks for the customer who buys package deal. Right now free delivery seems to be a front runner of what the consumer is concerned about when shopping for furniture. As well as the credit offer, which may not drive many to purchase right away, have a sweepstakes drawing or a movie night that features your most comfortable display model. In a satur ated market, it is important for the prices to remain competitive, even reduced at certain times of year. By employing another marketing scheme, it is quite possible that you may see a reduction in credit accounts and more people spending cash especially if the price is right. Still one must be careful to get a return on the product as a profit because also one must consider the cost of acquiring the product, keeping it in stock and delivering to the customer. It is important to always keep in mind the cost of keeping the unit per unit in inventory. This goes beyond what it just costs to produce the unit. Still with the introduction of a counter promotion with reduced price, you will see more inventories out of the warehouse and less debtor credit involved in the transactions. TASK THREE: Risk Analysis The manager has asked you to assess the validity of two projects that are independent of each other and require proper recommendation. You will need to run a risk analysis as well as a net present value analysis in order to determine which project to recommend as both will reduce the handling cost and warehouse stock levels as a means to better manage inventory. We use different pricing models as a framework to aid in the analysis. Such models as CAPM and APT aid in figuring out the levels of risk involved with both projects. For financial professionals it is of utmost importance to assess risk as accurately as possible in order to sell in this case the project. Companies are more than often risk adverse and do not want to take a loss with the money invested. In this respect most companies enjoy a conservative approach, which means the less risk involved the better. Because APT builds upon CAPM and takes the theory to a new level, it requires further analysis to prove the point. Still first in order to understand APT, one must first have a grasp of CAPM works. CAPM can only work to assess risk in the long run scenario. CAPM also assumes the investor does not have inside knowledge and that the Beta is known. This is the only way an expected return can be determined with CAPM. Mark McCracken defines Beta as â€Å"equals 1.0000. 1 exactly. Each company also has a beta. A companys beta is that companys risk compared to the risk of the overall market. If the company has a beta of 3.0, then it is said to be 3 times more risky than the overall market† (par. 1). For this scenario each project has a beta. The amount of risk and the type of risk can be determined by diversification. Systematic risk, which is market risk or undiversified risk, is the portion of an assets risk that cannot be eliminated via diversification. The systematic risk indicates how including a particular asset in a diversified portfolio will contribute to the risky nature of the portfolio. Unsystematic risk, which is firm-specific or diversifiable risk, is the portion o f an assets total risk that can be eliminated by including the security as part of a diversifiable portfolio (Mathis, par. 1). So obviously there are some projects that will not be included in a diverse portfolio because of its defined risk under this theory. CAPM digs deeper to assess for an expression, which relates the expected return on an asset to its systematic risk. This in turn gives the financial professional better idea of the project’s risk behaviour. The equation used is as follows: (Mathis, par. 3) The measure of systematic risk is considered Beta or bi while E[Ri] is equal to the expected return on asset I and Rf is the risk-free rate. E[Rm] is the expected return on the project and E[Rm] – Rf is the market risk premium for the company stock. Once the Beta is known then the risk and rate of return can be found. APT is different because not only can forecast for the long term, it can also work for the short-term scenario. This fact makes it the better of the two theories because it gives the financial professional more tools to assess risk and the rate of return. APT does this by using a model that captures all the data. Other things this model can perform for risk assessment take into account company needs. Risk Estimates such as Tracking Error, Value-at-Risk (VaR), forecast volatility, systematic active risk, beta to benchmark, correlation with benchmark. APT carries out these calculations in a linear framework with a number of different variables. This is how different time frames can be used. For the APT model there are several outside factors to take into account. The ‘Now’ asset is defined by a number of beta possibilities, each of them representing asset sensitivity to a particular factor and characterizing systematic risk associated with this factor, and, as before, residual yield E. In this respect the risk allotted to this particular venture is less. This multi-factored model brings up many questions for the finance assistant. One thing to keep in mind is that not all factors carryover to risk in this area. There are factors that remain assets to an organisation faced with such decisions. This is one reason why periods of growth need solid leadership. This effectively assesses the risk involved for the furniture company’s returns. The NPV is assumed as the present value of the projects cash inflows minus the present value of the projects cash outflows (Mathis, par. 2). This relationship is expressed by the following formula: (Mathis, par. 2) TASK FOUR: Production and Profitability Your company is considering purchasing another machine due to the increase of production of furniture products and advanced sales of select models featured in the current marketing scheme. You are faced with figuring out if purchase of the machine is a profitable idea and if so what is the long-term cost? And how should it be funded? There are factors one is aware of when purchasing a new piece of equipment. Revenues will not change if the machine is purchased. Both the present machine and the new machine will last 5 years and will have no disposal value in five years. The new machine will cost  £400,000. The old machine can be disposed of right now for a disposal value of  £10,000. The new machine will reduce operating costs by $ £100,000 per year (assume cash flows at the end of the years). Assume a required rate of return or discount rate of 9%. Is it feasible for the company and cost effective? From the standpoint of long-term investment, it seems the new machine will be a valued addition to the team and allow production to not only run at current levels but also maintain new levels of efficiency. Also because it is considered a long-term investment, the company should also consider it an investment and possibly obtain a credit line for the local bank to cover this asset. In this way, the company can also apply for extended warranties to cover any maintenance or break down of the machine over the life of the loan. If the company has prime credit, a low interest rate of 6% is guaranteed and look into possible incentives with the local bank as a regular customer who pays on time, it may be possible to reduce the interest if there is not a pre-payment penalty. Suffice it say, there is cash flow that could be allocated for the purchase but also used for reinvestment in other areas of the company. Traditionalists will want to pay as much upfront as one can but if the long-range benefit outweighs the short-term loan, then by all means allow the company a li ttle space to get ahead with the new machine. Like above the net present value for the machine can be determined with the following equation. The NPV is assumed as the present value of the projects cash inflows minus the present value of the projects cash outflows (Mathis, par. 2). This relationship is expressed by the following formula: (Mathis, par. 2) TASK FIVE: Buying Out and Merging Every business needs planning or a defined strategy in place for future growth and control of known issues. There is a certain amount of power that comes from knowing what’s next. Smaller firms are vital to the economic health and stimulus of the world, mainly western nations like the United States and those found in Europe. Much of the success of these firms falls into the hands of leaders involved with everyday management but also the planning for future generations. Sir Adrian Cadbury writes, â€Å"Firms form the basic building block for businesses throughout the world. The economic and social importance of regional family enterprises has now become more widely recognized† (p. 5). In fact, it has been found that many firms do not survive the transition a generational business can represent. Many do not see life after the transition, which leads to decreased economic mobility and health. With this in mind, it is very important to have a transition strategy in place. T his requires proactive information sharing with all members even if some are not directly involved with day-to-day operations. This will ease the burden of conflict that may arise later. As with any organisation, knowledge management is key to good communication but with a small firm also instrumental for a successful future. This leads one to wonder how the structure of a smaller firm may differ from larger corporations? Is there a chain of command? How does leadership work?   It seems recently the trend of one company buying out another or merging to become one larger company is on the rise. It is in the news everyday, only drawing minimal concern from the public as regulators call into question the legality of such actions. Do mergers and acquisitions make the world a better place for consumers or do they just offer less for the consumer to choose from in the marketplace. It seems that most large companies see this practice as a means of redefining the marketplace by getting rid of the competition and making the competition work for them. In this respect, governments are able to make the rules of the merger and acquisition, setting the standard by which products of both companies can continue to compete with each other in a given market. This in turn, fuels the fire for increased advantage, working toward the goal of ultimately feeding off each other’s energy until it is exhausted. One finds this type of government control more in telecommunicatio ns and banking than other industries. For the retail industry, it seems a foregone conclusion that eventually opportunities will present themselves. From the looks of their balance sheets of Furniture Concepts there is a reason the company seeks a merger with another company. There seems to be a large amount of sales but not enough profit being generated. Within the last year their expenses have tripled but the production has not. They look to be in trouble. Another concern is founded within their name it self. Why call them selves a Furniture Concepts store when they sell carpet? It should be Carpet Concept. It may be that they have diversified their production schemes so far that this amounts to the increase of expenses? The recommendation would be to acquire the company, keep high performing employees on board and cut the lard. Expenses may also be attributed to bad debts acquired to maintain production or inflated management salaries? This would be a good move for the organisati on and also allow our furniture store to diversify without much overhead or inventory issues. CONCLUSION An organisation needs a clear picture of financial health in order to maintain operations and continue a path of growth toward market share. Many things go into deciphering this financial status. Part of what has happened here is a need for new tactics that are tried and true but without great risk affiliation like the credit offer. This strategy while well meaning for the short term has caused long-term ramifications for the organisation starting with growing pains. Lastly, research shows that the greatest obstacle to accepting new policies is fear of change. Therefore, this makes the transition period crucial and should be handled with kid gloves by management. Communication should be open and clear. 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Mathis, R 2004, ‘Corporate Finance Live: Capital Asset Pricing Model’, viewed 10 September 2008, http://www.swlearning.com/web-resources/CAPM.htm.> Mathis, R 2004, ‘Corporate Finance Live: Present Value’, viewed 10 September 2008,  http://www.swlearning.com/web-resources/timevalue.htm.> Mathis, R 2004, ‘Corporate Finance Live: Risk and Return’, viewed 10 September 2008,  http://www.swlearning.com/web-resources/riskandreturn.htm.>. McCracken, M 2004, ‘CAPM’, viewed 10 September 2008, http://www.teachmefinance.com/capm.html>. Miller, D Whitney, J 1999, ‘Beyond Strategy: Configuration as a Pillar of Competitive Advantage’, Business Horizons, vol. 42, no. 3. Wignaraja, G 2004, ‘Building Business Competitiveness,’ International Trade  Forum, 1 April. APPENDICES APPENDIX A Table 1. Cash Flows APPENDIX B Table 2. Must Have Furnishers Ltd. Simplified Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 30/09/03 2002 2003 APPENDIX C Table 3. Must Have Furnishers Ltd. Simplified Balance Sheet for Must Have Furnishers Ltd. for the year ended 30/09/03 APPENDIX D Table 4. Furniture Concepts Ltd Profit and Loss Account for the period March 2001 to March 2002 Profit and Loss Account for the period March 2002 to March 2003 APPENDIX E Table 5. Balance Sheets for March 2002 and March 2003 for Comparison Balance Sheet as at 12 March 2002 Furniture Concepts Ltd Balance Sheet as at 12 March 2003